Do you have chronic pain and restricted motion at the shoulder joint? Then you can consider your shoulder "frozen."  The term Frozen Shoulder is a common diagnosis, however, it is important to understand that this is a general term that describes the loss of passive range of motion in the shoulder joint, not a specific condition. Rather, a shoulder can become frozen as a result of numerous conditions. 
The most common cause of a frozen shoulder is adhesive capsulitis.  Often, these terms are used interchangeably, but remember that a frozen shoulder is a result, not a cause.  Although many conditions can cause a frozen shoulder, this article will focus on adhesive capsulitis.

What exactly is adhesive capsulitis?
It is a thickening or contraction of soft tissue and structures surrounding the shoulder complex, which causes pain and restricted motion.

Who is likely to get adhesive capsulitis?
Unfortunately, anyone can have it, but it is seen most commonly in females between the ages of 40-65 years old.

What are the symptoms of adhesive capsulitis?
Diffuse shoulder pain often radiating to the lateral arm, forearm, or neck. Most people won't seek professional help until there is a significant decrease or restriction of functional activities. For men, this usually comes when there is difficulty putting on a shirt and tucking it into the pants; for women, it is when they have trouble hooking their bra.

How does someone get adhesive capsulitis?
Often, symptoms have a spontaneous onset and the cause may be difficult to pinpoint.  Listed are the most common causes, however, sometimes the cause may remain unknown. 

  • Result of a previous trauma or immobilization of the shoulder (i.e. stroke, heart attack, cervical disorder, fracture, rotator cuff tendinitis, arthritis, inflammation of shoulder joint)
  • Systemic disorders can also cause it (i.e. Diabetes, Hypo- or Hyperthyroidism)

How is it treated?
The goal of treatment is to fully restore motion and function of the shoulder joint conservatively. Following a thorough evaluation by a licensed physical therapist, a rehabilitation program specific to your condition will be formed. This program will consist of appropriate modalities performed by the physical therapist (manual therapy) as well as therapeutic stretches and exercises performed by the patient including passive stretching, pain-free joint mobilization, and active range of motion activities. As range of motion is restored, strengthening exercises for the rotator cuff and upper extremity muscles will be added to the program. A comprehensive home program should always accompany an in-clinic treatment plan as well as patient education regarding his or her condition.
Sometimes, if physical therapy treatment is unsuccessful, less conservative methods may be considered such as corticosteroid injections or even a surgical procedure. 

How long is the rehabilitation process?
Adhesive capsulitis may take anywhere from 6 months-3 years to completely resolve.  This can be influenced by many factors including age and severity of the condition.  

What should I do if I suspect my shoulder is "frozen" due to adhesive capsulitis?
It is important to see your physician immediately.  The longer you wait to start receiving treatment, the longer it will take to rehabilitate it and chances are you will suffer more pain and restricted motion.